Journal:

Article Title: Coccidioides releases a soluble factor that suppresses nitric oxide production by murine primary macrophages

doi: 10.1016/j.micpath.2010.11.006

Figure Lengend Snippet: Spherule initials of Coccidioides suppress NO production by activated, primary macrophages isolated from C57BL/6 mice. Peritoneal macrophages were activated with IFN-γ + LPS, and NO concentration was measured by fluorescence using DAF-2DA and expressed as relative fluorescence units (RFU). Spherule initials of Coccidioides were co-cultured with macrophages to yield a multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 2:1, 5:1 or 10:1 (macrophages:fungal cells), and incubated 1, 3, 6 or 12 h in a 5% CO2 incubator at 37° C. All experiments were performed at least three times. Results of a representative experiment are shown. Error bars indicate standard errors of the mean (SEM). Statistically significant differences in NO production between test groups was determined using the Student t-test for the following comparisons: # vs non-activated macrophages = P<0.001, and + or ¥ vs activated, non-infected macrophages = P<0.001 & P<0.05, respectively. Non-ifx., non-infected macrophages; Ctl., non-activated, control macrophages.

Article Snippet: Murine IFN-γ was purchased from BD Biosciences/Pharmingen (San Jose, CA), and ultrapure E. coli -derived lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was obtained from InvivoGen (San Diego, CA).

Techniques: Isolation, Concentration Assay, Fluorescence, Cell Culture, Infection, Incubation